| Gravity |
6.6743e-11 |
Infinity |
Graviton (theoretical) |
All particles with mass |
true |
Not unified with other forces yet |
1687 |
Isaac Newton |
F = G * (m1 * m2) / r^2 |
Cavendish experiment |
General Relativity (attempts at Quantum Gravity) |
Newton's Law of Gravitation |
Orbits, planetary motion, tides |
Spacetime symmetry |
1 |
| Electromagnetic |
1 |
Infinity |
Photon |
Charged particles |
true |
Unified with weak force (Electroweak theory) |
1864 |
James Clerk Maxwell |
F = k * (q1 * q2) / r^2 |
Hertz's experiments on electromagnetic waves |
Quantum Electrodynamics (QED) |
Maxwell's Equations |
Electricity, magnetism, light |
Gauge symmetry (U(1)) |
2 |
| Weak |
0.00001 |
1e-18 |
W and Z bosons |
All fermions |
false |
Unified with electromagnetic force (Electroweak theory) |
1934 |
Enrico Fermi |
Described by Fermi's interaction |
Observed in beta decay |
Quantum Flavour Dynamics (QFD) |
Fermi's Theory of Beta Decay |
Radioactive decay, nuclear fusion |
Gauge symmetry (SU(2)) |
3 |
| Strong |
1 |
1e-15 |
Gluon |
Quarks and gluons |
true |
Part of Grand Unified Theories (GUTs) |
1973 |
Murray Gell-Mann |
Described by Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) |
Deep inelastic scattering experiments |
Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) |
Does not have a classical counterpart |
Binding protons and neutrons in nuclei |
Gauge symmetry (SU(3)) |
4 |